Assessment Of Carbon Monoxide (co) Level In Enugu Metropolis Monitoring Industrial And Residential Area

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page    -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        i

Certification         -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        ii

Dedication  -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        iii

Acknowledgement         -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        iv

Table of content   -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        v

Abstract      -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        viii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0Introduction   -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        1

1.1Statement of problem -      -        -        -        -        -        -        -        3

1.2Aim      -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        4

1.2Objectives    -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        4

1.3Research Hypothesis  -      -        -        -        -        -        -        -        4

1.4Scope of Study        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        5

1.5Significance of Study         -        -        -        -        -        -        -        5

CHAPTER TWO

2.0Literature Review    -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        7

2.1Measurement and Monitoring of Co     -        -        -        -        -        13

2.2Sources of Carbon monoxide -   -        -        -        -        -        -        19

2.3Properties of Carbon monoxide -         -        -        -        -        -        -        20

2.4Production of Carbon monoxide-  -      -        -        -        -        -        22

2.5Importance of Carbon monoxide- -      -        -        -        -        -        23

2.6Effects of Carbon monoxide in human health - -     -        -        -        25

2.7Epidemiological effects of Carbon monoxide-        -        -        -        26

2.8Impacts of Carbon monoxide     -        -        -        -        -        -        29

2.9Local Studies - -       -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        31

CHAPTER THREE

3.0materials and Methods      -        -        -        -        -        -        -        34

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0Result and Discussion -     -        -        -        -        -        -        -        35

4.1List of Tables -         -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        35

4.2Test of Hypothesis  -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        42

4.3List of Graphs  -      -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        48

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Conclusion and recommendation -       -        -        -        -        -        56

Bibliography        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        57

Appendix  -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        61

ABSTRACT

Air pollutions pollutant showed that the extent of spreading depends on the motor vehicle traffic population of the area. This pollution strongly generated through combustion of fossil fuels presents difficult environmental challenge to societies as it could degrade the environment and affect human health and quality of life. Vehicular emissions are major contributors to air pollution in urban areas as they contain harmful gases. The levels of carbon monoxide has been investigated in two locations of Enugu metropolis  (high traffic  ‟old park‟ and low traffic  „caritas university‟), in order to determine its pollution status with regards to air. EL-USB-
CO analyzer used for the analysis indicated variations in the levels of CO for the period of study. The results obtained revealed that the concentrations of CO in high traffic (HT) area is higher than that of low traffic  (LT) and is unacceptable compared with the Federal Environmental Protection agency (FEPA) Nigeria set limit. The dispersion pattern of the suggests that vehicular emission contributes to the levels of carbon monoxide in the environment.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0        INTRODUCTION

Air pollution is associated with increasing cases of many adverse health effects,

e.g.  mortality,  respiratory  diseases  and  cancer.  The  chemical  composition  of ambient  air  is  very  complex  and  depends  on  many  different  factors,  traffic generated air pollution being a major source in large cities. This is especially true in  the  developing  world,  mainly  due  to  the  high  proportion  of  old,  poorly maintained vehicles, the abundance of two stroke vehicles and the poor fuel quality (Baumbach et al., 1995; Gwilliam 2003). All these factors contribute to one of the major air pollutant in urban areas; carbon monoxide (CO).

CO is a poisonous, colorless, inevitable gas that has neither taste nor smell. It is
formed when carbon burns with too little air (incomplete combustion) (Smith and
Scott, 2002). Carbon monoxide (CO), also called Carbonious oxide or Carbon (II)
Oxide and is slightly lighter than air. CO is a deadly, colorless, odorless, poisonous
gas, produced by the incomplete burning of various fuels, including coal, wood,
charcoal, oil, kerosene, propane, and natural gas. Products and equipments and
machines powered by internal combustion engines such as portable generators,
cars, lawn mowers, and power washers also produce CO. It has a high affinity for
hemoglobin in blood and displaces O2 to form carboxyl hemoglobin  (COHb).
This can cause dizziness, headaches and eventually death. Tobacco smoke, gas fires, burning candles are also common sources of CO in indoor air. Internal combustion engines are responsible for most of the CO in outdoor air (Smith and Scott, 2002). The ambient concentration of CO is measured in parts per million (ppm). Most of the studies on air pollution and exposure to air pollutants have been conducted in developed countries, i.e. Western Europe and the USA (Šišvić and Fugaš, 1987, Cernuschi et. al., 1998; and Chiara et. al., 2005). There is limited information on exposure to air pollutants in developing tropical countries, but some studies have been carried out in sub-Saharan Africa (Baumbach et. al., 1995; Fanou et. al., 2005; Lindѐn e.t al., 2007).

The population in Enugu city, the economic and administrative capital of Enugu
state, has increased rapidly in the last decade (about one million inhabitants), and
in since there is no reliable public transport system, air pollution has worsened
because of an increasing number of old second-hand cars   and of taxi motorbikes
(Keke-NAPEP). Petroleum products used are also of poor quality, due to the
importation of sub-standard products into the country. No data on health effect of
air pollution in Enugu city is available to the researcher, but it is anticipated that air
pollution could become a major public health problem if adequate mitigation
measures are not taken at this time. Exposure to air pollution is normally assessed
by environmental monitoring; using either fixed monitoring stations or personal air
collecting instruments.

1.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The  world  is  presently  confronted  with  the  twin  crises  of  environmental degradation and fossil fuel depletion. The uncontrolled use and overexploitation of our  natural  resources  have  also  triggered  other  environmental  issues,  which hitherto were non-existent. Some of these environmental issues include global warming (climate change) and air pollution. The aforementioned have been shown to have very serious health implications. Presently, fossil fuel powered engines are noted to account for over sixty percent of the hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide pollution  which  have  very  serious  environmental  and  health  implications, especially in our urban areas and their surrounding communities. It is thus very timely and pertinent within the Enugu city due to the growing use of automobiles and diesel powered generators within the city.

CO is one of those gases that are released from these combustion processes and its
effect on our environment range from its contribution to the photochemical smog,
ground level ozone and depletion of available oxygen within the area. Its effect on
human health when its accepted threshold is exceeded include headache, irritation,
fatigue, loss of muscular coordination, loss of memory and in severe cases, death.

The effects of CO on health are most dangerous because it is both colorless and
odorless, and as such cannot be easily detected. But since these factors; that

contribute to its formation and possible increment in its concentration within the city is present, it is necessary that a monitoring system of stations be set up to help in the establishment and eventual monitoring of the gas so as to ensure the safety and wellbeing of the lives of the people in the city.

1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

1.2.1  Aim:

The aim of this project is to monitor CO levels within Enugu city using two cities as our basis.

1.2.2  Objectives:

i.     Identify possible „hotspots‟ for generation of CO gas within the city.

ii.     Determine the distribution of CO gas within high traffic and low traffic

areas of the city.

iii.     Determine the daily differences in the various sample stations.

1.3 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

HO: There is a significant difference between the carbon monoxide levels within high traffic areas and low traffic areas.

1.4   SCOPE OF STUDY

The scope of this project covers studies of CO concentrations and distribution
within Enugu city comprising of such districts as Old Park  (high traffic) and
Caritas University (low traffic). The project will examine the distribution of air
pollution  situation within these areas of the city. Data will be collected  and
analyzed for its relevance to the question of how CO disperses in the environment.
To this end, two stations are chosen, one a high traffic (Old Park) and a low traffic
area that is primarily residential and have low traffic flow (Caritas University). The
essence of choosing these stations is to give a general overview of what the air
quality is like within the city, with one station showing the residential profile while
the other shows the commercial profile. The study will focus on only Carbon
Monoxide (CO) gas. The gas will be measured for a nine hour period for one week
at a five minutes interval using carbon monoxide sensors.

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study helps in the understanding and also the monitoring of carbon monoxide in Enugu metropolis and this will help in knowing the level of carbon monoxide being emitted in this area.